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::''This article may contain information that is already published in another article on the same subject or may be repeating information already explained.'' An active–stative language (''active language'' for short), also commonly called a split intransitive language, is a language in which the sole argument ("subject") of an intransitive clause (often symbolized as ''S'') is sometimes marked in the same way as an agent of a transitive verb (that is, like a subject such as "I" or "she" in English), and sometimes in the same way as a direct object (such as "me" or "her" in English). The case or agreement of this intransitive argument (''S'') depends on semantic or lexical criteria particular to each language. These criteria tend to be based on the degree of volition or control over the verbal action exercised by the participant. For example, if one tripped and fell, an active–stative language might require them to say the equivalent of "fell me"; saying "I fell" would mean that they had done it on purpose, such as taking a fall in boxing. Another possibility is empathy; for example, if someone's dog were run over by a car, they might say the equivalent of "died her"; to say "she died" would imply that they were not affected emotionally. If the core arguments of a transitive clause are termed ''A'' (agent of a transitive verb) and ''O'' (object, or patient of a transitive verb), then active–stative languages can be described as languages which align intransitive ''S'' as ''S = O'' ("me fell") or ''S = A'' ("I fell") depending on the criteria described above. Active–stative languages contrast with accusative languages such as English that generally align ''S'' as ''S = A'', and to ergative languages that generally align ''S'' as ''S = O''. ==Types== For most languages of this type, the case of the intransitive argument is lexically fixed for each verb, regardless of the actual degree of volition of the subject, but often corresponding to the most typical situation. For example, the argument of ''swim'' may always treated like the transitive subject (agent-like), and the argument of ''sleep'' like the transitive direct object (patient-like). In Dakota, arguments of active verbs such as ''to run'' are marked like transitive agents, as in accusative languages, while arguments of inactive verbs such as ''to stand'' are marked like transitive objects, as in ergative languages. In a language like this, if the subject of a verb like ''run'' or ''swallow'' is defined as agentive, it will be always marked so, even if the action of swallowing is involuntary. This subtype is sometimes known as ''split-S''. In other languages, the marking of the intransitive argument is decided by the speaker based on semantic considerations. That is, for any given intransitive verb the speaker may choose whether to mark the argument as agentive or patientive. In some of these languages, agentive marking encodes a degree of volition or control over the action, with the patientive used as the default case; in others, patientive marking encodes a lack of volition or control, suffering from or being otherwise affected by the action, or sympathy on the part of the speaker, with the agentive used as the default case. These subtypes are sometimes known as ''fluid-S''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Active–stative language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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